Which of the following is an exception to good faith reliance on a warrant?

The correct answer is based on a fundamental principle of criminal procedure regarding the good faith exception to the exclusionary rule. The good faith exception, established in United States v. Leon, allows evidence obtained from a warrant to be admissible if the officers acted in reasonable reliance on the validity of the warrant, even if the warrant is later found to be defective.

However, if the officer knowingly and intentionally lied or misrepresented facts to the magistrate to obtain the warrant, this undermines the integrity of the warrant process itself. This act constitutes bad faith, as it involves a deliberate attempt to deceive the magistrate, thus negating any claim to good faith reliance. The rationale is that law enforcement must uphold the truthfulness of their applications for warrants, and any fraudulent conduct destroys their good faith defense.

In contrast, if the affidavit is merely vague but arguably sufficient to support probable cause, or if the warrant was issued for a different suspect without any misleading actions from the officers, there may still be a basis for good faith reliance. Therefore, the presence of intentional deception by the officer provides a clear exception to the good faith rule.